Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Malaysian Honeys
Produced by Apis cerana, Apis dorsata and Apis mellifera
Background
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the
physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Malaysian monofloral honey samples---acacia,
pineapple and borneo honey---and compare them with tualang honey. Acacia and
pineapple honey are produced by Apis mellifera bees while borneo and tualang
honey are produced by Apis cerana and Apis dorsata bees, respectively.
Methods
The physical parameters of honey, such as pH, moisture
content, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), color
intensity, total sugar and apparent sucrose content, were measured.
Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was measured using high performance liquid
chromatography, and a number of biochemical and antioxidant tests were
performed to determine the antioxidant properties of the honey samples.
Results
Acacia honey was the most acidic (pH 3.53), whereas
pineapple honey had the lowest moisture content (14.86%), indicating that both
types of honey can resist microbial spoilage more effectively when compared to
tualang honey (pH 3.80 and 17.53% moisture content). Acacia honey contained the
highest EC (0.76 mS/cm), whereas borneo honey had the highest (377 ppm) TDS.
The mean HMF content in Malaysian honey was 35.98 mg/kg. Tualang honey, which
is amber color, had the highest color intensity (544.33 mAU). Acacia honey is
the sweetest, and contained the highest concentration of total sugar, reducing
sugar and apparent sucrose. Tualang honey had the highest concentration of
phenolic compounds (352.73 +/- 0.81 mg galic acid/kg), flavonoids (65.65 +/-
0.74 mg catechin/kg), DPPH (59.89%), FRAP values (576.91 +/- 0.64 muM Fe
(II)/100 g) and protein content (4.83 +/- 0.02 g/kg) as well as the lowest AEAC
values (244.10 +/- 5.24 mg/kg), indicating its strong antioxidant properties.
Proline, an important amino acid that is present in honey was also measured in
the present study and it was found at the highest concentration in pineapple
honey. Several strong correlations were found among the biochemical and
antioxidant parameters of all the Malaysian honeys.
Conclusion
Although Malaysian honeys are of good quality, tualang honey
contains the strongest antioxidant properties by far.