Gelam Honey Scavenges Peroxynitrite During the Immune
Response
Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(9):12113-29, Sep 24
Monocytes and macrophages are part of the first-line defense
against bacterial, fungal, and viral infections during host immune responses;
they express high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic molecules,
including nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and their reaction product
peroxynitrite.
Peroxynitrite is a short-lived oxidant and a potent inducer
of cell death. Honey, in addition to its well-known sweetening properties, is a
natural antioxidant that has been used since ancient times in traditional
medicine.
We examined the ability of Gelam honey, derived from the
Gelam tree (Melaleuca spp.), to scavenge peroxynitrite during immune responses
mounted in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 when stimulated with
lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ (LPS/IFN-γ) and in LPS-treated rats.
Gelam honey significantly improved the viability of
LPS/IFN-γ-treated RAW 264.7 cells and inhibited nitric oxide production-similar
to the effects observed with an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase
(1400W). Furthermore, honey, but not 1400W, inhibited peroxynitrite production
from the synthetic substrate 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) and prevented the
peroxynitrite-mediated conversion of dihydrorhodamine 123 to its fluorescent
oxidation product rhodamine 123.
Honey inhibited peroxynitrite synthesis in LPS-treated rats.
Thus, honey may attenuate inflammatory responses that lead to cell damage and
death, suggesting its therapeutic uses for several inflammatory disorders.
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